Children who experience a trauma (such as a car accident) have reactions that may include denial, fear, anger, guilt, sadness, and confusion. These reactions are part of the normal recovery process. You can help your child by showing acceptance of her feelings, reassuring her that she is safe now, and by being consistent with your discipline and expectations, so that she will feel secure. You may observe some of the following behaviors:

1. Sleep Disturbance. Your child may sleep fitfully, talk in sleep, have nightmares, scream, cry out, etc. When he awakens, he might need consoling and reassurance. Even though he may not recall what he was dreaming, he was probably remembering and reliving the accident. This is normal, and how our minds resolve traumatic events. Reassure your child that he is safe; tell him that he just had a bad dream about the accident, but it's all over now. In the child's waking hours, encourage him to talk about the accident - tell the story over and over. If he doesn't remember, you can talk to him about it and tell him what happened. It's important to talk about this to help normalize it. Many parents do not know this and are afraid to make their child think about it as it is unpleasant. However, then the child is left to deal with his memories all alone. Get him to share it with you even if it is hard for you to hear.

2. Guilt. Some children think they have been bad and that is why the accident happened. Most children feel guilty about something they have done or thought about. Though unrelated, they think the accident is punishment. Tell your child that she is not a bad person, that she is not being punished. Reinforce this often.

3. Acting Younger. Some children become frightened and afraid to be alone. Some children regress - act younger than their age. This is also normal. Give your child love and reassurance, but do not change drastically how you treat him. Understand that he feels ill and may be younger acting, but do not let him "get away" with behaviors you normally would not tolerate. Otherwise, your child will get the message that you believe something is wrong with him.

4. Fear. Some children will continue to be afraid of things they associate with the accident, e.g., cars, the driver of the car. Gently, together, in small steps, increase their exposure to these things. Talk about each step along the way.

5. Your Feelings. Sometimes parents will feel guilty and responsible. Remember, it is not your fault either. Parents can never watch their children at all times. Do not spend your energy feeling guilty and trying to make it up to your child. This is the time to be focusing on your child's feelings, and helping her recover. If your feelings persist, and get in the way of helping your child, seek the support of another adult or a professional.

Here are some of the common reactions to experiencing a trauma. You may notice one or more of these items following a traumatic event. These reactions may begin immediately or after a delay.

1. Sleep Disturbance:

• Nightmares
• Bad or scary dreams
• Talk or yell in sleep
• Fitful or restless sleep
• Trouble getting to sleep
• Afraid of sleeping
• Bed wetting

• Blaming self for traumatic event
• Blaming self for other things
• Excessive "bad" behavior that requires punishment
• Excessive "good" behavior that replaces usual level of maturity and playfulness

• Clinging
• Not wanting to be left alone
• Demanding attention
• Demanding extra care or privileges
• Acting "like a baby"

• Fear of thing related to trauma (getting into a car after being in a car accident)
• Fear of loud noises, sudden moves, being touched, etc.
• Fear of being alone
• Fear of strangers
• Other fears or phobias

• Guilt
• Anxious or over-protective
• Sleep disturbances
• Inconsistency with discipline or expectations
• Over-indulging, letting child "get away with" things

While these reactions are normal, sometimes recovery does not seem to progress. If you feel that your child is stuck, you should feel free to call a child psychologist or other mental health professional. There is effective, non-drug treatment to help children and their families recover from emotional trauma.